China has a vast territory, with abundant natural resources and diverse types of land resources. China also has many large rivers, with its water resources ranking first in the world. It is one of the countries in the world having the most species of wild animals, with some peculiar to China. Plant species are abundant in China because of its complex natural conditions. China has almost all kinds of vegetation found in the Northern Hemisphere. It has abundant mineral resources, with total reserves ranking third in the world. All nonferrous metallic minerals that have been discovered in the world can be found in China, with deposit reserves ranking among the world's top.

With a vast territory, China has diverse types of land resources. There are more mountains than plains, with cultivated land and forests constituting small proportions. Various types of land resources are unevenly distributed. The cultivated land is mainly in monsoon regions of east China, while forests are mostly found in the remote mountainous areas in the northeast and the northwest. Grasslands are chiefly distributed on inland plateaus and in mountainous areas.

China now has 130.04 million hectares of cultivated land mainly distributed in Northeast China Plain, North China Plain, and the plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and in the Pearl River Delta and Sichuan Basin. The fertile land in Northeast China Plant is chiefly planted with wheat, corn, sorghum, soybean, jute and ambary hemp, and sugar beet. Farm crops planted in North China Plain include wheat, corn, millet, sorghum, cotton and peanut. The plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River produces rice, orange and rapeseed, while Sichuan Basin abounds in rice, rapeseed, sugarcane, orange, tea, etc.